1. Kuchita bwino kwa ma valve amanja
Valavu yamanja ndi mtundu wa valve yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida ndi zida, imayendetsedwa ndi chogwirira ndi gudumu lamanja. Kawirikawiri, kuzungulira kozungulira kwa chogwirira ndi gudumu lamanja kumatanthauzidwa ngati njira yotsekera, ndipo kuzungulira kozungulira kumatanthauzidwa ngati njira yotsegulira. Komabe, njira yotsegula ndi yotseka ya ma valve ena ndi yosiyana ndi yomwe ili pamwambapa, choncho chonde tcherani khutu kuti muwone zizindikiro zotsegula ndi zotseka musanagwiritse ntchito.
Kwa mavavu apamanja, kukula kwa chogwirira ndi gudumu lamanja amapangidwa molingana ndi anthu wamba. Choncho, zimatchulidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito valavu kuti wogwiritsa ntchito saloledwa kutsegula ndi kutseka valavu mothandizidwa ndi zitsulo ndi ma wrenches aatali. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chogwirira kutalika ndi awiri a handwheel ndi zosakwana 320mm, munthu mmodzi yekha amaloledwa ntchito; gudumu la m'manja lokhala ndi m'mimba mwake wofanana kapena kupitirira 320mm limalola anthu awiri kuti azigwira ntchito limodzi, kapena amalola munthu m'modzi kuti azigwira ntchito ndi lever yoyenera (nthawi zambiri zosakwana 0.5m kutalika). Komabe, ma valve a diaphragm ndi ma valve omwe si{6}}ayitali ndi oletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito ma lever kapena ma wrenches ataliatali kuti agwire ntchito, komanso saloledwa kutseka ma valve ndi mphamvu kapena mphamvu zambiri.
Ogwiritsa ntchito ena amazolowera kugwiritsa ntchito ma levers ndi ma wrenches aatali kuti agwiritse ntchito ma valve pamanja. Amaganiza kuti mphamvu yotseka ikakulirakulira, imakhala yabwinoko, koma sizili choncho. Izi zidzawononga msanga valavu komanso kuyambitsa ngozi. Practice zatsimikizira kuti, kuwonjezera pa mphamvu-mtundu wa gudumu lamanja, kugwiritsa ntchito valavu yayikulu kwambiri komanso mwamphamvu kumatha kuwononga gudumu la m'manja ndi chogwirira, kukanda tsinde la valavu ndi malo osindikizira, komanso ngakhale kuphwanya malo osindikizira. Kachiwiri, ngati gudumu lamanja ndi chogwirira zawonongeka kapena kutayika, ziyenera kukhala ndi nthawi, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito ma wrenches osinthika sikuloledwa.
Kwa ma valve monga ma valve a zipata ndi ma valve a globe, akatsekedwa kapena kutsegulidwa mpaka kumapeto (ie pansi pakufa pakati kapena pamwamba pakatikati pakufa), ayenera kuzunguliridwa 1/4 mpaka 1/2 kutembenukira kuti ulusi ukhale wolimba kwambiri, kuti athe kuyang'anira kuyang'anitsitsa panthawi yogwira ntchito, kuti asagwedezeke Kwambiri kuti awononge valavu.
Ma valve agulugufe akuluakulu, ma valve olowera pachipata ndi ma valve oyimitsa, ndipo ena amakhala ndi ma bypass valves. Ntchito ya valve bypass ndikuwongolera kusiyana kwapakati pakati pa cholowera ndi chotuluka ndikuchepetsa torque yotsegulira. Mukatsegula, valve yodutsa iyenera kutsegulidwa poyamba, ndiyeno valavu yaikulu iyenera kutsegulidwa.
Musanatsegule valavu ya nthunzi, chitolirocho chiyenera kutenthedwa kuti chitulutse madzi osungunuka. Iyenera kutsegulidwa pang'onopang'ono kupewa nyundo yamadzi ndikuwononga valavu ndi zida.
Mukatsegula ndi kutseka ma valve a mpira, ma valve a butterfly, ndi ma valve a pulagi, pamene poyambira pamwamba pa tsinde la valve ndi ofanana ndi ndimeyi, zimasonyeza kuti valavu ili pamalo otseguka; pamene tsinde la valve limazungulira madigiri 90 kumanzere kapena kumanja. Pamene groove ndi perpendicular kwa njira, izo zimasonyeza kuti valavu ali pamalo otsekedwa kwathunthu. Ma valve ena a mpira, ma valve a butterfly, ndi ma valve amapulagi amatsegulidwa ndi wrench yofananira ndi njira, ndipo amatsekedwa poima. Kugwira ntchito kwa ma valve-njira zitatu ndi zinayi{5}} kuyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi zizindikiro za kutsegula, kutseka ndi kubwerera m'mbuyo, ndipo chogwiriziracho chiyenera kuchotsedwa ntchitoyo ikatha.
Pa mavavu a zipata ndi ma throttle valve okhala ndi mamba, yang'anani ndikusintha malo otseguka kapena otsekedwa kwathunthu. Mavavu a zipata zokwera ndi ma globe amayenera kukumbukiranso malo omwe ali otseguka komanso otsekedwa mokwanira, kuti asagunde pomwe atsegulidwa. Vavu ikatsekedwa kwathunthu, wolamulira ndi chizindikiro zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza kuti gawo lotsekera likugwa kapena kukana zinthu zakunja kuti athetse mavuto.
Mapaipi ndi zida zomwe zangoyikidwa kumene zili ndi dothi wambiri wamkati komanso kuwotcherera. Dothi ndi losavuta kumamatira pamalo osindikizira a valve yotseguka yotseguka. Njira yotseguka pang'ono iyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti cholowa chapamwamba-chichotse zinthu zakunja izi, ndikutseka pang'onopang'ono.
Pambuyo potsekedwa ma valve ena amanja, kutentha kumatsika ndipo valavu imachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mipata yaying'ono pamtunda wosindikizira ndi kutuluka. Mwanjira imeneyi, iyenera kutsekedwanso panthawi yoyenera itatsekedwa.
Kuchita bwino kwa valve kumakhudza mwachindunji moyo wautumiki wa valve.
2. Njira zodzitetezera pogwiritsira ntchito valve
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito valavu ndiyonso kuyang'ana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito valve. Koma samalani ndi zinthu zotsatirazi mukamagwiritsa ntchito valve.
① Vavu yotentha kwambiri. Pamene kutentha kumakwera pamwamba pa madigiri a 200 , ma bolts adzatambasulidwa ndi kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti valavu isamangidwe mwamphamvu. Panthawiyi, mabawulo ayenera kukhala "otentha-othina", ndipo sikoyenera kuti mavavu atsekedwe pamene akutentha-kulimbitsa, kuti valavu isayambike kukwera ndi kutsegula pambuyo pake.
②M'nyengo yomwe kutentha kuli pansi pa 0 digiri, tcherani khutu kutsegula mapulagi a mipando ya valve kwa ma valve omwe amasiya nthunzi ndi madzi kuchotsa madzi osungunuka ndi madzi osasunthika kuti asaundane ndi kusweka ma valve. Insulation iyenera kulipidwa kwa ma valve omwe sangasankhe madzi osasunthika ndi ma valve omwe amagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono.
③Kupakira kwa gland sikuyenera kupitirira-kumizidwa, ndipo kusinthasintha kwa tsinde la valavu kudzapambana (ndikulakwa kuganiza kuti kulimba kwa chithokomiro, ndibwino, kumafulumizitsa kutayika kwa tsinde la valve ndikuwonjezera torque). Ngati palibe njira zodzitetezera, siziloledwa kusinthanitsa kapena kuwonjezera ma fillers pansi pamavuto.
④Panthawi ya opareshoni, santhulani mosamala zomwe zimayambitsa zochitika zachilendo zomwe zimapezeka kudzera mukumvetsera, kununkhiza, kuwona, kukhudza, ndi zina zambiri, ndikuzichotsa munthawi yake ngati zitathetsedwa nokha; ngati mukufuna wokonza kuti athetse, musakakamize kuti musachedwetse nthawi yokonza.
⑤Wogwira ntchitoyo ayenera kukhala ndi chipika chapadera kapena bukhu la zolemba, tcherani khutu kuti alembe ntchito za ma valve osiyanasiyana, makamaka ma valve ofunika kwambiri, kutentha kwakukulu ndi ma valve othamanga kwambiri ndi ma valve apadera, kuphatikizapo zipangizo zake zotumizira. Zolakwa, njira zochizira, ziwalo zosinthira, ndi zina zotere ziyenera kudziwidwa. Zidazi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa ogwira ntchito okha, okonza ndi opanga. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipika chapadera chokhala ndi maudindo omveka bwino kumathandizira kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe.
3. Kusungirako ndi kukonza ma valve
Cholinga cha kusungirako ndi kukonza ndikuteteza kuwonongeka kwa valve kapena kuchepetsa khalidwe panthawi yosungira. Ndipotu, kusungirako kosayenera ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunika zowonongeka kwa valve.
Mavavu ayenera kusungidwa mwadongosolo. Mavavu ang'onoang'ono ayenera kuikidwa pamashelefu. Ma valve akuluakulu amatha kukonzedwa bwino pansi pa nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Iwo sayenera kuwunjika chisawawa, ndipo flange kugwirizana pamwamba sayenera kukhudzana ndi pansi. Izi sizongokongoletsa zokhazokha, komanso kuteteza valavu kuti isawonongeke.
Chifukwa cha kusungirako kosayenera ndi kusamalira, magudumu osweka, ma valve okhotakhota, kumasula ndi kutayika kwa mtedza wokonza pakati pa magudumu a manja ndi ma valve, ndi zina zotero, zotayika zosafunikirazi ziyenera kupeŵedwa.
Kwa ma valve omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa, kulongedza kwa asibesitosi kuyenera kutengedwa kuti kupewe kuwonongeka kwa electrochemical ndi kuwonongeka kwa tsinde la valve.
Mavavu omwe angolowa kumene m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu ayenera kuyang'aniridwa. Ngati madzi a mvula kapena dothi alowa paulendo, ayenera kupukuta asanasungidwe.
Polowera ndi potulukira valavu ayenera kusindikizidwa ndi pepala la sera kapena pepala lapulasitiki kuti dothi lisalowe.
Pamwamba pa valavu yomwe imatha kuchita dzimbiri mumlengalenga iyenera kupakidwa ndi mafuta oletsa -dzimbiri kuti itetezedwe.
Mavavu akunja akuyenera kutsekedwa ndi mvula{{0}zopanda mvula komanso fumbi{1}zinthu zomwe sizingagwire ntchito ngati linoleum kapena tarpaulin. Malo osungiramo valavu ayenera kukhala oyera ndi owuma.
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza valavu
Cholinga cha kukonza ndikukulitsa moyo wa valve ndikuwonetsetsa kutseguka ndi kutseka kodalirika.
Ulusi wa tsinde la valve nthawi zambiri umapaka mtedza wa tsinde la valve. M`pofunika ntchito pang`ono chikasu youma mafuta, molybdenum disulfide kapena graphite ufa kwa kondomu.
Kwa ma valve omwe samatsegulidwa pafupipafupi komanso kutsekedwa, tembenuzani gudumu la m'manja pafupipafupi kuti muwonjezere mafuta ku ulusi wa tsinde la valavu kuti mupewe kugwidwa.
Kwa mavavu akunja, manja otetezera ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku tsinde la valve kuti ateteze mvula, matalala, fumbi, ndi dzimbiri.
Ngati valavu yakonzeka kusuntha, ikani mafuta pa gearbox pa nthawi yake.
Nthawi zonse sungani valavu yaukhondo.
Nthawi zonse fufuzani ndi kusunga kukhulupirika kwa mbali zina za valve. Ngati nati yokonzekera ya gudumu la m'manja itagwa, iyenera kukhala ndi zida zonse ndipo sungagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera. Apo ayi, idzaphwanyira mbali zinayi za kumtunda kwa tsinde la valve, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kutaya kudalirika kwa mgwirizano, ndipo ngakhale kulephera kugwira ntchito.
Musadalire valavu kuthandizira zinthu zina zolemetsa, ndipo musayime pa valve.
Tsinde la valve, makamaka gawo lopangidwa ndi ulusi, liyenera kupukuta kawirikawiri, ndipo mafuta omwe adetsedwa ndi fumbi ayenera kusinthidwa ndi atsopano, chifukwa fumbi lili ndi zinyalala zolimba, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuvala ulusi ndi pamwamba pa tsinde la valve ndikukhudza moyo wautumiki.
5. Kusamalira kunyamula ma valve
Kulongedza kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zisindikizo zazikulu zomwe zimatuluka pamene valavu imayatsidwa ndi kuzimitsidwa. Ngati kulongedza kulephera ndikuyambitsa kutayikira, valavu imathanso kulephera, makamaka valavu ya payipi ya urea, chifukwa kutentha kumakhala kokwera kwambiri, dzimbiri ndi zovulaza kwambiri, ndipo kulongedzako kumakonda kukalamba. Kusamalira bwino kumatha kukulitsa moyo wapaketi
Valavu ikachoka pafakitale, kuti iwonetsetse kusungunuka kwa kulongedza, nthawi zambiri imayesedwa ndi static pressure test popanda kutayikira. Vavu ikayikidwa mu payipi, chifukwa cha kutentha ndi zinthu zina, extravasation ikhoza kuchitika. Panthawiyi, ndikofunikira kumangitsa mtedza kumbali zonse za gland yonyamula mu nthawi. Limbanitseni kuti muteteze kulongedza kuti zisatayike komanso kusindikiza kwake.
Kupaka ma valve ena kumakhala ndi mafuta a molybdenum disulfide. Pambuyo pa miyezi ingapo yogwiritsira ntchito, mafuta odzola oyenera ayenera kuwonjezeredwa panthawi yake. Zikapezeka kuti kulongedzako kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa, kulongedza kofananirako kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa munthawi yake kuti zitsimikizire kusindikiza kwake.
6. Kusamalira mbali zotumizira ma valve
Pakutsegula ndi kutseka kwa valve, mafuta odzola omwe adawonjezeredwa poyamba adzapitirizabe kutayika, kuphatikizapo zotsatira za kutentha, zowonongeka ndi zina, mafuta odzola adzapitirizabe kuuma. Choncho, gawo lopatsirana la valve liyenera kufufuzidwa nthawi zambiri, ndipo likapezeka kuti mafuta akusowa, ayenera kudzazidwa mu nthawi kuti ateteze kuwonjezereka kwa kuvala chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mafuta odzola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupatsirana kosasunthika kapena kulephera kwa jamming.
7. Kusamalira pa nthawi ya jekeseni ya mafuta a valve
Vavu ikapaka mafuta, vuto la jekeseni wamafuta nthawi zambiri limanyalanyazidwa. Pambuyo pa mfuti ya jekeseni wa mafuta, wogwiritsa ntchito amasankha njira yolumikizira valavu ndi jekeseni, ndiyeno amachita ntchito yojambulira mafuta. Pali zinthu ziwiri: kumbali imodzi, kuchuluka kwa jekeseni wamafuta ndikochepa, ndipo jekeseni wamafuta ndi wosakwanira, ndipo malo osindikizira amavala mwachangu chifukwa chosowa mafuta. Kumbali inayi, jekeseni wochuluka wamafuta umayambitsa zinyalala. Chifukwa chake ndikuti palibe kuwerengera kolondola kwa mphamvu yosindikiza ya ma valve osiyanasiyana malinga ndi gulu la mtundu wa valve. Mphamvu yosindikiza imatha kuwerengedwa potengera kukula kwa vavu ndi mtundu, ndiyeno mafuta ochulukirapo amatha kubayidwa.
Vavu ikapaka mafuta, vuto la kupanikizika nthawi zambiri limanyalanyazidwa. Panthawi yopangira jakisoni wamafuta, kuthamanga kwa jakisoni wamafuta kumasintha pafupipafupi pakati pa nsonga ndi zigwa. Ngati kupanikizika kuli kotsika kwambiri, chisindikizocho chikutuluka kapena kulephera, kupanikizika kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, khomo la jekeseni wa girisi latsekedwa, chosindikizira chimakhala cholimba, kapena mphete yosindikizira imatsekedwa ndi mpira wa valve ndi mbale ya valve. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ya jakisoni wa girisi ikatsika kwambiri, mafuta omwe amabayidwa nthawi zambiri amalowa pansi pa valve, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mavavu ang'onoang'ono. Ngati kupanikizika kwa jekeseni wamafuta ndikwambiri, mbali imodzi, yang'anani jekeseni wamafuta, ngati dzenje lamafuta latsekedwa, m'malo mwake; Komano, ngati girisi ataumitsidwa, gwiritsani ntchito madzi oyeretsera kuti mufewetse girisi wolephera mobwerezabwereza ndikulowetsa mafuta atsopano kuti mulowe m'malo. . Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa chisindikizo ndi zinthu zosindikizira zimakhudzanso kuthamanga kwa jekeseni wamafuta. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosindikiza imakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za jakisoni wamafuta. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ya jakisoni wamafuta pazisindikizo zolimba ndi yayikulu kuposa ya zisindikizo zofewa.
Mukadzaza valavu ndi mafuta, tcherani khutu ku vuto la valve mu malo osinthira. Valve ya mpira nthawi zambiri imakhala pamalo otseguka panthawi yokonza. Muzochitika zapadera, zimasankhidwa kuti zitseke kuti zisamalidwe. Ma valve ena sangathe kuchitidwa ngati malo otseguka. Valve yachipata iyenera kutsekedwa panthawi yokonza kuti mafuta adzaza ndi phula losindikizira pambali pa mphete yosindikizira. Ngati itatsegulidwa, mafuta osindikizira amagwera mwachindunji mumtsinje wothamanga kapena valve, zomwe zimayambitsa zinyalala.
Vavu ikapaka mafuta, vuto la jekeseni wamafuta nthawi zambiri limanyalanyazidwa. Panthawi yobaya mafuta, kukakamiza, kuchuluka kwa jakisoni wamafuta, ndi malo osinthira zonse ndizabwinobwino. Komabe, pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti jekeseni ya valavu ya valve ikugwira ntchito, nthawi zina zimakhala zofunikira kutsegula kapena kutseka valavu kuti muwone momwe mafuta amathandizira kuti atsimikizire kuti pamwamba pa mpira wa valve kapena chipata ndi mafuta osakanikirana.
Mukamabaya mafuta, samalani za vuto la valavu yamadzimadzi ndi mpumulo wa plug. Pambuyo poyesa kupanikizika kwa valve, mpweya ndi chinyezi muzitsulo za valve zotsekedwa zidzawonjezeka chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kozungulira. Mafuta akabayidwa, mphamvuyo iyenera kutulutsidwa kaye kuti jekeseni wamafuta aziyenda bwino. Mafuta akabayidwa, mpweya ndi chinyezi zomwe zili m'bowo lotsekedwa zimasinthidwa. Chepetsani kupanikizika kwa valve mu nthawi, zomwe zimatsimikiziranso chitetezo cha valve. Pambuyo pa jekeseni wamafuta, onetsetsani kuti mwamangitsa kukhetsa ndi pulagi yothandizira kupewa ngozi.
Pamene jekeseni mafuta, kulabadira vuto la yunifolomu mafuta linanena bungwe. Mu jekeseni wamba wamafuta, girisi yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi khomo lojambulira girisi imayamba kutulutsa mafutawo, kenako mpaka pansi, kenako mpaka pamalo okwera, ndipo mafutawo amatulutsidwa mmodzimmodzi. Ngati sichitsatira malamulo kapena sichitulutsa mafuta, chimatsimikizira kuti pali chotchinga, ndikuchichotsa nthawi.
Pobaya mafuta, yang'anani kuthamanga kwa valavu ndi mpando wa mphete yosindikizira. Mwachitsanzo, kwa ma valves a mpira, ngati pali kusokonezeka kwa malo otseguka, malire otseguka amatha kusinthidwa mkati kuti atsimikizire kuti m'mimba mwake ndi wolunjika komanso wotsekedwa. Kusintha malire sikungangotsatira malo otsegulira kapena kutseka, koma kuyenera kuganiziridwa lonse. Ngati malo otsegulira akuthamanga ndipo malo otsekera salipo, valve sidzatseka mwamphamvu. Momwemonso, ngati kusintha kulipo, kusintha kwa malo otseguka kuyeneranso kuganiziridwa. Onetsetsani kuyenda koyenera kwa valve.
Mukatha kupaka mafuta, onetsetsani kuti mwasindikiza khomo lojambulira mafuta. Pewani kulowetsa zonyansa, kapena kutulutsa lipids pamalo ojambulira girisi, ndipo chivundikirocho chiyenera kupakidwa mafuta oletsa- dzimbiri kuti zisachite dzimbiri. Kotero kuti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu ntchito yotsatira.
Pobaya mafuta, ndikofunikira kuganiziranso za chithandizo chapadera chazovuta zomwe zimayenderana ndi zinthu zamafuta m'tsogolomu. Poganizira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dizilo ndi petulo, mphamvu yowola ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafuta iyenera kuganiziridwa. M'tsogolomu valavu, mukakumana ndi gawo la mafuta, onjezerani mafuta munthawi yake kuti mupewe kuwonongeka.
Mukamabaya mafuta, musanyalanyaze jekeseni wamafuta pa tsinde la valve. Pali manja otsetsereka kapena kulongedza pa shaft ya valve, yomwe imafunikanso kusungidwa pamalo opaka mafuta kuti muchepetse kusagwirizana pakugwira ntchito. Ngati mafuta sangatsimikizidwe, torque imawonjezeka panthawi yamagetsi ndipo mbali zovala zimakhala zovuta panthawi yogwira ntchito.
Ma valve ena a mpira amalembedwa ndi mivi. Ngati palibe FIOW yachingerezi yolembedwa, ndiye mayendedwe a mpando wosindikizira, osati ngati kalozera wamayendedwe apakati, ndipo komwe valavu imatuluka-yosiyana. Nthawi zonse, valavu yampira yotsekedwa pawiri- imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri.
Posunga valavu, tcherani khutu ku ingress ya madzi mumutu wamagetsi ndi njira yake yotumizira. Makamaka munyengo yamvula kulowa kwa madzi amvula. Imodzi ndikuchita dzimbiri njira yopatsira kachilomboka kapena mkono wa shaft, ndipo ina ndikuundana m'nyengo yozizira. Kuchititsa kuti torque ikhale yaikulu kwambiri pamene valavu yamagetsi ikugwira ntchito, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa mbali zotumizira kumapangitsa kuti injiniyo itsitsidwe kapena kutetezedwa kwa -koke kumadutsa ndipo magetsi sangathe kuchitika. Zigawo zotumizira zawonongeka, ndipo ntchito yamanja siyingachitike. Pambuyo pa-chitetezo cha torque chatsegulidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito pamanja sikungasinthidwenso. Kuchita mokakamiza kumawononga mbali zamkati za aloyi.
Kukonza ma valve kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi malingaliro asayansi, kuti ntchito yokonza ma valve ikwaniritse zomwe mukufuna komanso ntchito. Kuti kupanga kuyendetse bwino, kuchepetsa nthawi, ndikuwonjezera phindu pazachuma, malinga ndi ma valve, mfundo zitatu izi ziyenera kuchitika:
1. Kusankhidwa koyenera kwa ma valve ndi maziko.
2. Chofunika kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito valve molondola.
3. Kukonzekera koyenera ndi chitsimikizo.
